The California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) is investigating the possible introduction of the H5N1 virus at three dairy farms in the state’s Central Valley.

The agency reported that it was investigating the situation on August 29.

If confirmed, those would be the state’s first cases of H5N1 in cattle.

With the detection of H5N1 in dairies elsewhere in the United States in recent months, CDFA has been engaged with private veterinarians, farmers and ranchers, and local, state and federal partners to develop response plans and actively monitor for the disease in livestock and poultry throughout California. CDFA stated that it has taken steps to reduce the risk of entry of infected dairy cattle into the state, has maintained rapid response capability used during past detections of HPAI in poultry, and is prepared to respond to detections in cattle.

Samples from cattle at these three sites have been submitted to the California Animal Health and Food Safety (CAHFS) laboratory. Any positive tests at the California lab would be considered “presumptive” and submitted to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) for final confirmation.

If these cases are confirmed, CDFA will continue working closely with the California Department of Public Health, and local agricultural and public health officials, to understand the extent of the introduction and support animal health and public health activities with the goal of limiting exposure to virus while the impacted herds develop immunity.

According to the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), the last time the presence of H5N1 was confirmed in a commercial poultry flock in California was January 18, involving a layer pullet flock in Merced County.

More recently, the virus was confirmed present at a live bird market in San Francisco County on May 9. However, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) cases in live bird markets, such as that one, should not have an impact on poultry trade, in accordance with World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) standards.

During the past 30 days, according to APHIS, the presence of H5N1 has been confirmed in dairy cattle in the following states: Idaho, Colorado, South Dakota, Michigan and Texas.         

Source: wattagnet.com

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Infectious bronchitis is an especially challenging respiratory virus that can be a moving target for vaccination strategies. Serotypes can quickly evolve and evade established vaccines, so monitoring and identifying circulating serotypes is crucial for developing an effective vaccine approach, said Kalen Cookson, DVM, MAM, DACPV, director of clinical research, Zoetis.

Bronchitis prevention basics

Infectious bronchitis control requires tailored vaccination programs that combine various viral serotypes that result in homologous immunity (vaccine and field virus are same serotype) and heterologous immunity (vaccine and field virus are different serotypes), Cookson explained.

As a first step, a diagnostic survey of the prevalent field challenge strains affecting a poultry complex will help inform a vaccination strategy.

This strategy is especially important for strains without a homologous commercial vaccine, such as DMV/1639, which was the third-most isolated serotype and most common wild type in 2020. However, heterologous strains, such as GA08 and Mass, may offer cross-protection while allowing continued surveillance of the DMV/1639 wild type.¹

A combination approach for better protection

Studies suggest that pairing Poulvac® IB Mass with a GA08 vaccine may cross-protect better against the DMV/1639 strain than either Mass or GA08 alone.^2-5  

While other monovalent Mass vaccines are available, Cookson said other factors demonstrate the value of Poulvac® vaccines as reliable vaccination options, including:

• Poulvac IB Mass gives excellent takes without being too reactive.
• Utilizing Poulvac Aero®, a vaccine with Newcastle disease B1 plus Mass serotype, is a good starting live primer for ND protection along with IB protection. The B1 strain in Poulvac Aero is not overly aggressive yet effective against an NDV challenge.

Paired vaccine efficacy confirmed in research study

A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of various commercial IB Mass (two commercial products) and GA08 (two commercial products) vaccine combinations against serotypes for a DMV/1639 challenge.²

In the study, 540 one-day-old chicks were divided into five groups of 90 birds and further grouped in five cages (vaccine treatment) with 18 birds per cage. Each group received one of the vaccine treatments by spray at the dosage of 14 mL/100 chick. At 25 days of age, birds in three cages per group were challenged by eye/nose drop with DMV/1639 IBV.

Cookson said the study showed that Mass+GA08 vaccine combinations can protect birds from a significant DMV/1639 challenge, but numerical differences were observed (Figure 1).²

Based on grade 3 and 4 tracheal lesions, Poulvac IB Mass/Poulvac Bron GA08 resulted in 76% protection whereas the competitor IB Mass/Poulvac Bron GA08 combination provided only 52% protection (Figure 1).²

In order to best protect birds, it is important to choose a vaccine, or combination of vaccines, based on the prevalence of different strains in the area and on the farm itself, Cookson said. There are more tools available to use to monitor circulating viruses that can inform bronchitis vaccination planning for individual farms.

To learn more about these studies or to request help diagnosing your specific field challenge, contact your Zoetis representative.

Figure 1. Evaluation of different GA08 and Mass vaccine combinations challenged with DMV/1639 at 25 days of age.² 

^a,bValues with different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).

References:

¹ Data on file, Study Report No. 032419-KL-70AQ0-KC6120, Zoetis Inc.
² Data on file, Study Report No. RM-0Q0-KC6620, Zoetis Inc.
³ Data on file, Study Report No. 01-18-70AQ1, Zoetis Inc.
⁴ Data on file, Study Report No. RM-0Q0-KC6930, Zoetis Inc.
⁵ Jordan B, Reith A. Results of an infectious bronchitis virus surveillance program in broiler chickens. In: Proceedings, Southern Conference on Avian Diseases, International Poultry Science Forum. 2021:T7.

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Antibiotic use in the poultry and egg sectors has changed over the last decade to meet consumer demand, improve bird health and strengthen the poultry supply chain.

With antibiotics, consumers can choose products ranging anywhere from traditional chicken to no antibiotics ever (NAE) chicken, explained Poultry Business Solutions LLC owner Don Ritter at the 2024 Chicken Marketing Summit.

A responsible, balanced approach somewhere between these two extremes is wanted and needed by consumers and chickens, he said.

NAIHM and One Health could help

According to Ritter, the Center for Disease Control’s (CDC) One Health system could help the industry find balance in its antibiotic use. The One Health approach requires that antimicrobials used in animal agriculture be evaluated for efficacy in treating broilers and the potential impact on the effectiveness of their use in human medicine.

“The easiest way to think about One Health is that the health of people, animals and the environment are all interconnected. What happens in one sector affects the other sector. A balanced approach is needed to optimize the outcome for everybody.”

Additionally, No Antibiotics Important in Human Medicine (NAIHM) programs could move the industry to a more balanced place concerning antibiotic usage.

“Most consumers believe it is ok to treat and control infections using antibiotics, which aligns with restrictions on medically important antibiotic use.”

Unfortunately, this type of program does not allow for treatment of illness with medically important drugs and it can be difficult to communicate its purpose through labelling, as it is more of a product specification compared to a retail sales attribute, Ritter added.

Antibiotic misunderstanding, labelling’s role

There is a great amount of misunderstanding concerning how and why antibiotics are used among consumers in the industry, which stems from claims that poultry companies make on labels.

One large misunderstanding is the difference between antibiotic residues and antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

Antibiotic residues are trace amounts of antibiotics remaining in meat after an animal is treated with antibiotics. With residues, consumers express concern about eating antibiotics through the product. However, this is not possible due to the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) withdrawal policy.

 “No meat in the meat case has any harmful antibiotic residue. It does not matter what the label says,” he stated. If a package of chicken is not labelled with an antibiotic claim, consumers believe there are antibiotic residues in the product.

“Absence labels imply that something is wrong with the unlabeled product. It’s a marketing label game that needs to stop.”

AMR is related to bacteria that is resistant to antibiotics. The concern with AMR among consumers is that a human foodborne illness will not respond to antibiotics from a physician if their chicken was treated with the same or a related antibiotic, said Ritter.

According to Ritter, all antibiotic use contributes to this problem, unless a NAE program is utilized. However, NAE programs have a significantly higher mortality rate compared to other antibiotic programs and research shows that most consumers will not pay the premium for NAE chicken.

Source: wattagnet.com

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